A brand new marketing campaign is making use of Cloudflare Tunnel subdomains to host malicious payloads and ship them through malicious attachments embedded in phishing emails.
The continued marketing campaign has been codenamed SERPENTINE#CLOUD by Securonix.
It leverages “the Cloudflare Tunnel infrastructure and Python-based loaders to ship memory-injected payloads via a sequence of shortcut information and obfuscated scripts,” safety researcher Tim Peck stated in a report shared with The Hacker Information.
The assault begins with sending payment- or invoice-themed phishing emails bearing a hyperlink to a zipped doc that accommodates a Home windows shortcut (LNK) file. These shortcuts are disguised as paperwork to trick victims into opening them, successfully activating the an infection sequence.
The frilly multi-step course of culminates within the execution of a Python-based shellcode loader that executes payloads full of the open-source Donut loader totally in reminiscence.
Securonix stated the marketing campaign has focused the US, United Kingdom, Germany, and different areas throughout Europe and Asia. The id of the risk actor(s) behind the marketing campaign is presently unknown, though the cybersecurity firm identified their English fluency.
The risk exercise cluster can also be notable for its shifting preliminary entry strategies, pivoting from web shortcut (URL) information to utilizing LNK shortcut information masquerading as PDF paperwork. These payloads are then used to retrieve extra levels over WebDAV through the Cloudflare Tunnel subdomains.
It is price noting {that a} variation of this marketing campaign was beforehand documented by eSentire and Proofpoint final 12 months, with the assaults paving the best way for AsyncRAT, GuLoader, PureLogs Stealer, Remcos RAT, Venom RAT, and XWorm.
The abuse of TryCloudflare affords manifold benefits. For starters, malicious actors have lengthy made it more durable to detect by utilizing legit cloud service suppliers as a entrance for his or her operations, together with payload supply and command-and-control (C2) communication.
By utilizing a good subdomain (“*.trycloudflare[.]com”) for nefarious ends, it makes it exceedingly robust for defenders to tell apart between dangerous and benign actions, thereby permitting it to evade URL or domain-based blocking mechanisms.
The preliminary an infection happens when the LNK information are launched, inflicting it to obtain a next-stage payload, a Home windows Script File (WSF), from a distant WebDAV share hosted on a Cloudflare Tunnel subdomain. The WSF file is subsequently executed utilizing cscript.exe in a way with out arousing the sufferer’s suspicion.
“This WSF file capabilities as a light-weight VBScript-based loader, designed to execute an exterior batch file from a second Cloudflare area,” Peck stated. “The ‘kiki.bat’ file serves as the primary payload supply script subsequent within the sequence of stagers. Total, it is designed for stealth and persistence.”
The first duty of the batch script is to show a decoy PDF doc, examine for antivirus software program, and obtain and execute Python payloads, that are then used to run Donut-packed payloads like AsyncRAT or Revenge RAT in reminiscence.
Securonix stated there’s a chance that the script might have been vibe-coded utilizing a big language mannequin owing to the presence of well-defined feedback within the supply code.
“The SERPENTINE#CLOUD marketing campaign is a fancy and layered an infection chain that blends a little bit of social engineering, living-off-the-land strategies, and evasive in-memory code execution,” the corporate concluded. “The abuse of Cloudflare Tunnel infrastructure additional complicates community visibility by giving the actor a disposable and encrypted transport layer for staging malicious information with out sustaining conventional infrastructure.”
Shadow Vector Targets Colombian Customers through SVG Smuggling
The disclosure comes as Acronis recognized an lively malware marketing campaign dubbed Shadow Vector concentrating on customers in Colombia utilizing booby-trapped scalable vector graphics (SVG) information because the malware supply vector in phishing emails that impersonate court docket notifications.
“Attackers distributed spear-phishing emails impersonating trusted establishments in Colombia, delivering SVG decoys with embedded hyperlinks to JS / VBS stagers hosted on public platforms, or password-protected ZIP information containing the payloads instantly,” Acronis researchers Santiago Pontiroli, Jozsef Gegeny, and Ilia Dafchev stated.
The assaults led to the deployment of distant entry trojans like AsyncRAT and Remcos RAT, with current campaigns additionally using a .NET loader related to Katz Stealer. These assault chains contain hiding the payloads inside Base64-encoded textual content of picture information hosted on the Web Archive.
A noteworthy facet of the marketing campaign is using SVG smuggling strategies to ship malicious ZIP archives utilizing SVG information. These payloads are hosted on file-sharing companies resembling Bitbucket, Dropbox, Discord, and YDRAY. The obtain archives comprise each legit executables and malicious DLLs, the latter of that are sideloaded to finally serve the trojans.
“A pure evolution from its earlier SVG smuggling strategies, this risk actor has adopted a modular, memory-resident loader that may execute payloads dynamically and completely in reminiscence, leaving minimal traces behind,” the researchers stated.
“The presence of Portuguese-language strings and methodology parameters throughout the loader mirrors TTPs generally noticed in Brazilian banking malware, suggesting potential code reuse, shared growth assets and even cross-regional actor collaboration.”
ClickFix Surge Propels Drive-By Compromises
The findings additionally coincide with an increase in social engineering assaults that make use of the ClickFix tactic to deploy stealers and distant entry trojans like Lumma Stealer and SectopRAT below the guise of fixing a difficulty or finishing a CAPTCHA verification.
Based on statistics shared by ReliaQuest, drive-by compromises accounted for 23% of all phishing-based ways noticed between March and Could 2025. “Strategies like ClickFix had been central to drive-by downloads,” the cybersecurity firm stated.
ClickFix is efficient primarily as a result of it deceives targets into finishing up seemingly innocent, on a regular basis actions which might be unlikely to boost any purple flags, as a result of they’re so used to seeing CAPTCHA screening pages and different notifications. What makes it compelling is that it will get customers to do the primary work of infecting their very own machines as a substitute of getting to resort to extra subtle strategies like exploiting software program flaws.
“Exterior distant assets dropped from third to fourth place as attackers more and more exploit person errors reasonably than technical vulnerabilities,” ReliaQuest stated. “This shift is probably going pushed by the simplicity, success charge, and common applicability of social engineering campaigns like ClickFix.”